在化工、能源領域，硫元素常以“污染物”形象出現——含硫廢水、煙氣中的二氧化硫（SO?）、硫化氫（H?S）不僅腐蝕設備，更威脅生態與健康。然而，在微生物眼中，硫卻是生命活動的“能量貨幣”。生物脫硫技術，正是利用這種化學與生命的跨界協作，將污染轉化為資源。

　　In the fields of chemical and energy, sulfur often appears as a "pollutant" - sulfur dioxide (SO ?) and hydrogen sulfide (H ? S) in sulfur-containing wastewater and flue gas not only corrode equipment, but also threaten ecology and health. However, in the eyes of microorganisms, sulfur is the "energy currency" of life activities. Biological desulfurization technology utilizes the cross-border collaboration between chemistry and life to transform pollution into resources.

　　化學視角：硫的“變形記”

　　Chemical Perspective: The "Metamorphosis of Sulfur"

　　硫在自然界中以多種形態存在：從礦物中的硫化物（如FeS?），到有機物中的硫醇、硫醚，再到氣體中的H?S和SO?。傳統物理化學脫硫依賴高溫、高壓或強氧化劑，通過氧化還原反應將硫固定為硫酸鹽（SO?2?）或單質硫（S?）。例如，石灰石-石膏法脫硫用CaCO?中和SO?生成CaSO?，但產生大量固體廢物。

　　Sulfur exists in various forms in nature: from sulfides in minerals (such as FeS ?), to thiols and sulfides in organic compounds, and to H ? S and SO ? in gases. Traditional physical and chemical desulfurization relies on high temperature, high pressure, or strong oxidants to fix sulfur into sulfate (SO ?2 ?) or elemental sulfur (S ?) through redox reactions. For example, the limestone gypsum method for desulfurization uses CaCO3 to neutralize SO ? and generate CaSO ?, but generates a large amount of solid waste.

　　生物脫硫則另辟蹊徑。微生物通過酶催化，在溫和條件下實現硫的轉化。以硫化氫氧化為例，硫桿菌屬（Thiobacillus）細菌能將H?S氧化為硫酸：

　　Biological desulfurization takes a different approach. Microorganisms achieve sulfur conversion under mild conditions through enzymatic catalysis. Taking hydrogen sulfide oxidation as an example, Thiobacillus bacteria can oxidize H ? S to sulfuric acid:

　　H?S + 2O? → H?SO?

　　這一過程無需強酸強堿，且微生物可回收利用反應釋放的能量。更精妙的是，某些微生物能選擇性氧化有機硫化物中的硫原子，而不破壞碳鏈，為精細化工提供綠色合成路徑。

　　This process does not require strong acids or bases, and microorganisms can recycle the energy released from the reaction. Even more ingeniously, certain microorganisms can selectively oxidize sulfur atoms in organic sulfides without breaking the carbon chain, providing a green synthetic pathway for fine chemicals.

　　生物視角：微生物的“硫”代謝藝術

　　Biological Perspective: The Art of Microbial "Sulfur" Metabolism

　　生物脫硫的核心在于微生物的硫代謝網絡。以脫硫弧菌屬（Desulfovibrio）為例，這類厭氧菌通過“硫呼吸”將硫酸鹽還原為H?S：

　　The core of biological desulfurization lies in the sulfur metabolism network of microorganisms. Taking Desulfovibrio as an example, this type of anaerobic bacteria reduces sulfate to H ?S through "sulfur respiration":

　　SO?2? + 8H? + 8e? → S2? + 4H?O

　　這一過程不僅凈化廢水，還能回收H?S用于制硫磺或硫酸。而好氧菌如硫桿菌，則通過氧化硫化物獲取能量，其代謝途徑中關鍵的硫氧化酶（如Sox酶系）能直接催化硫的多元氧化，無需中間體積累。

　　This process not only purifies wastewater, but also recovers H ? S for the production of sulfur or sulfuric acid. Aerobic bacteria such as sulfur bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing sulfides, and key sulfur oxidase enzymes (such as Sox enzyme system) in their metabolic pathways can directly catalyze the multivariate oxidation of sulfur without intermediate volume accumulation.

　　更前沿的研究聚焦于基因編輯技術。科學家通過敲除或過表達特定基因，改造微生物的硫代謝通路。例如，敲除硫酸鹽還原酶基因的工程菌，可專一性氧化硫化物而不產生H?S，避免二次污染。

　　More cutting-edge research focuses on gene editing technology. Scientists modify the sulfur metabolism pathway of microorganisms by knocking out or overexpressing specific genes. For example, engineered bacteria that knock out the sulfate reductase gene can specifically oxidize sulfides without producing H ? S, avoiding secondary pollution.

　　跨界應用：從煙氣到石油的“硫”遁術

　　Cross border application: the "sulfur" escape technique from flue gas to oil

　　生物脫硫技術已滲透多個領域：

　　Biological desulfurization technology has penetrated into multiple fields:

　　煙氣脫硫：生物濾塔中，微生物將SO?轉化為硫酸鹽，產物可作肥料，實現“以廢治廢”。

　　Flue gas desulfurization: In the biological filtration tower, microorganisms convert SO ? into sulfates, which can be used as fertilizers to achieve "waste to waste" treatment.

　　石油脫硫：原油中的噻吩類硫化物難以通過加氫脫硫徹底去除。生物催化劑能選擇性裂解C-S鍵，保留油品熱值的同時降低硫含量。

　　Petroleum desulfurization: Thiophene sulfides in crude oil are difficult to completely remove through hydrogenation desulfurization. Biocatalysts can selectively cleave C-S bonds, retaining the calorific value of oil while reducing sulfur content.

　　廢水處理：含硫廢水經生物反應器處理后，硫以單質或硫酸鹽形式回收，水質達標排放。

　　Wastewater treatment: After being treated by a bioreactor, sulfur-containing wastewater is recovered in the form of elemental or sulfate, and the water quality meets the standard for discharge.

　　未來挑戰：效率與規模的博弈

　　Future Challenge: The Game of Efficiency and Scale

　　盡管生物脫硫具備綠色、低成本優勢，但其工業化仍面臨挑戰：微生物活性易受溫度、pH波動影響；處理高濃度含硫廢料時，需解決中間產物抑制問題。為此，研究者正開發固定化細胞技術、合成微生物組等策略，提升系統穩定性。

　　Despite the green and low-cost advantages of biological desulfurization, its industrialization still faces challenges: microbial activity is easily affected by temperature and pH fluctuations; When dealing with high concentration sulfur-containing waste, it is necessary to address the issue of intermediate product inhibition. To this end, researchers are developing strategies such as immobilized cell technology and synthetic microbiome to enhance system stability.

　　從化學鍵的斷裂重組，到微生物的能量博弈，生物脫硫技術詮釋了“污染即資源”的哲學。隨著基因編輯與合成生物學的突破，這場“硫”的魔法秀，或將重塑人類與硫元素的共生關系。

　　From the breaking and recombination of chemical bonds to the energy game of microorganisms, biological desulfurization technology interprets the philosophy of "pollution is a resource". With breakthroughs in gene editing and synthetic biology, this "sulfur" magic show may reshape the symbiotic relationship between humans and sulfur elements.

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